Diagnostic Tests for Gynecologic Cancer
Gynecologic cancer may be suspected based on the symptoms, such as unusual vaginal bleeding, or the results of a screening test, such as a Pap smear or human papillomavirus (HPV) test. If so, a physician will typically order follow-up diagnostic testing to obtain further information and rule out or confirm the diagnosis. An accurate and detailed diagnosis of cervical, uterine (endometrial), ovarian, fallopian tube, vaginal or vulvar cancer is essential to guide treatment and achieve the best possible outcome and quality of life.
Types of Diagnostic Tests for Gynecologic Cancer
The specific tools and techniques used to diagnose gynecologic cancer can vary depending on the type and location of the suspected cancer and the patient’s medical history and health status. Common options include:
Biopsy
A biopsy is a definitive way to diagnose many types of cancer, including gynecologic cancer. This procedure can be performed on various parts of the female reproductive system, such as the cervix, uterus, ovaries, vagina and vulva.
A biopsy involves taking a small sample of suspicious tissue and sending it to a lab for microscopic examination by a pathologist, who can identify precancerous cells, such as cervical dysplasia, and cancerous cells. Depending on the location of the abnormality, different techniques may be used, such as a needle biopsy, colposcopic biopsy or hysteroscopic biopsy. The results of a biopsy can help a physician confirm the presence of cancer, determine its type and stage and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Colposcopy
A diagnostic colposcopy is a nonsurgical procedure that can aid in the prevention and early detection of certain types of gynecologic cancer, such as cervical cancer. Using a special magnifying device with an attached light source (colposcope), a physician can gain a clear and enlarged view of the vulva, vaginal walls and cervix. The physician can then check for abnormalities, such as precancerous changes, benign growths (polyps) and genital warts. If a biopsy is needed, the physician can take tissue samples during a colposcopy.
Hysteroscopy
A hysteroscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows a physician to look inside the uterus and check for signs of endometrial cancer and other abnormalities. During the procedure, the physician will insert a thin, lighted tube (hysteroscope) into the vagina and guide it through the cervix and into the uterus. Using the hysteroscope, the physician can directly view the uterine lining and identify polyps, fibroids, adhesions, septums and suspicious growths. If necessary, the physician can insert special surgical instruments through the hysteroscope to remove abnormal tissues during a hysteroscopy.
Medical Imaging
Often used for diagnosing gynecologic cancer, imaging can provide a physician with detailed visualizations of the female reproductive organs and surrounding tissues. Common imaging technologies include:
- Ultrasound
- Computed tomography (CT)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Position emission tomography (PET)
Pelvic ultrasound, particularly transvaginal ultrasound, may reveal abnormalities in the ovaries and uterus. CT and MRI scans can provide cross-sectional views of the pelvic region, which can help a physician identify tumors, determine their size and assess the extent of cancer spread. PET scans can help a physician detect cancer spread throughout the body by highlighting areas of increased metabolic activity. As such, imaging can help a physician reach an accurate diagnosis, stage a tumor and plan treatment.
Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) Assay
A CA-125 assay is a blood test used to measure the level of the CA-125 protein, which is often elevated in women with ovarian cancer. An elevated CA-125 level could also be a sign of endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease.
While a CA-125 test is not specific enough to be used as a standalone diagnostic tool for gynecologic cancer, the information it provides can be helpful when considered along with the results of other diagnostic tests, such as medical imaging. It can also be used to monitor a patient’s response to ovarian cancer treatment or detect a recurrence.
Why Choose Tampa General Hospital for Gynecologic Cancer Diagnostics
Tampa General Hospital’s nationally recognized Cancer Institute is home to an experienced team of medical professionals who specialize in gynecologic oncology and utilize the latest diagnostic techniques and technologies, helping to ensure the accurate and timely detection of all types of gynecologic cancer.
If you would like to learn more about gynecologic cancer diagnostic testing, contact TGH at (813) 844-7585 to request an appointment with a gynecologic oncologist at our Cancer Institute in Tampa, FL.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Gynecologic Cancer Diagnostic Testing
The following FAQs and corresponding answers provide additional information about gynecologic cancer diagnostic testing:
What Are the Most Common Diagnostic Tests for Gynecologic Cancer?
Common diagnostic testing methods for gynecologic cancer include biopsy, transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125 blood testing. The results can help a physician identify abnormalities in the female reproductive system that could indicate cancer.
What Should I Expect During a Biopsy for a Gynecologic Cancer Diagnosis?
During a biopsy, a physician will take a small sample of suspicious tissue. The specifics of the procedure can vary depending on the location of the abnormality. For instance, the physician may perform a colposcopic biopsy for suspected cervical cancer or an endometrial biopsy for suspected uterine cancer. The sample will be sent to a lab for microscopic examination by a pathologist, who can identify precancerous and cancerous cells.
How Effective Are Diagnostic Tests in Detecting Gynecologic Cancer Early?
Diagnostic tests can be highly effective in the early detection of certain types of gynecologic cancer, such as cervical cancer, which can significantly improve the patient’s treatment outcome and quality of life. Both routine screening and follow-up diagnostic testing (when needed) are crucial elements of early cancer detection.
Are There Any Risks Associated With Gynecologic Cancer Diagnostic Tests?
Most diagnostic tests, such as medical imaging and blood work, involve minimal risk. A biopsy may cause mild discomfort, bleeding or infection, but these complications are rare. Before your diagnostic test, your physician will fully explain the potential risks and ensure you are well-informed.